Thirteen Movie Analysis Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Thirteen Analysis - Movie Review Example The movie is an introduction of the disarray of an adolescent in the period of pubescence in this manner it is more qualified to be concentrated overall since the story line or plot can be considered to have been worked to point the said way. In connection, the principle goal of the paper is to relate the film to ladies and their job on the planet history. There are various focuses in the basic investigation of the film. One is the recorded worth. The film had been created in 2003 along these lines speaking to the turn of the century. It very well may be seen with the way the characters help themselves through the garments they wear and the music they tune in to. In spite of the fact that the insubordinate idea of young people rises above time, the elements influencing their dynamic procedure shift. As far as the utilization of medications and different substances, for example, liquor, the film is playing with the limits identified with the issue. Both the principle characters Tracey and Evie are inebriated more often than not. Evie is an exemplification of the various indecencies. She realizes all the people to know as far as unfortunate propensities and negligible wrongdoing related exercises. The best issue that can influence the crowd is the way sex is unreasonably depicted through the way that Evie is requesting it more often than not with each person she converses with or experiences. According to the job of ladies in history at that point, the depiction of ambivalent and erotic ladies can be identified with decades prior when the female individuals from the populace are seen as elements to serve and engage the male populace. Despite the fact that there is a trace of this, the way that the female characters inside the plot are autonomous and decided, for example the mother who works and supports the family in various angles including money related and intense subject matters, can be considered as a depiction of the advanced job of ladies ever. Another factor that hung out in the film which can be identified with history is the

Social work; Critically evaluate its implications for social work Essay

Social work; Critically assess its suggestions for social work practice in difficulties in transracial selection and racial personality - Essay Example Also, social specialists cooperate with birth families to set up their capacities to keep on taking part in their children’s lives just as to parent, or potentially to adapt to discontinuance of parental rights. Social specialists help with position advances, and give post-selection benefits so as to ensure suffering and solid assenting families. It is evident that reception is an option for small kids and more established adolescents, for offspring of shifting ethnic and racial foundation, and for youngsters with various instructive, formative just as clinical needs. This paper will talk about various viewpoints encompassing transracial selections, specifically, the transracial appropriation of dark youngsters. Transracial appropriation is the joining of guardians and offspring of various racial foundation together in receptive homes just as families. It ordinarily happens through fluctuating kinds of local selection, for example, child care, stepchildren and kids in interracial relationships, and global appropriation. In transracial appropriation, the issue of racial character includes noticeably (Lee 2003, 712). A few people contend that transracial appropriations will prompt loss of racial character, especially if a kid is received in a group of various race at an extremely youthful age. Racial or ethnic character issue concerns the utilization of racial or ethnic self-descriptors among transracial adoptees. It likewise includes mentalities of embraced kids towards their race and decides if they are agreeable or glad with their ethnicity and race. One of the noteworthy components of transracial selection is the real connection among ethnic and racial events of transracial adoptees and th eir mental changes (Steinberg and Hall 2011, 262). Transracial adoptees display a lot of inconstancy in their racial or ethnic characters. They have significantly lower racial or ethnic characters contrasted with same-race adoptees. Local

How to Write Better Essays

How to Write Better EssaysWhile writing essays is a skill that every student should master, few students have a clear picture of what it takes to write better essays. After all, the essay is one of the first lessons students are taught and is often the basis for further study in the classroom. For this reason, it's important that all students are able to see the positive aspects of their essays so they can continue writing quality work.Fortunately, there are several different types of tips that can help you see the best in your work. The first thing you should do is create a list of goals you have for each essay you write. This will help you keep things in perspective as you begin to put your thoughts together and organize them into coherent and meaningful essays. You may find that you are overwhelmed with the idea of writing and editing essays, but you should keep this in mind that it's something that has to be done.Having a list of goals is a good start, but don't stop there. Creat e a list of additional goals for each essay you write. Creating more than one list will allow you to expand on what you learned in class and make sure you are taking notes on all the details in your essay.You may find that while in a classroom setting you feel your concentration is somewhere else. It's perfectly normal, but you should use this feeling as an opportunity to put more focus on the details of your essays. By creating a second list of goals to achieve while writing, you can ensure that you are thinking about your work, even when you're not completely absorbed in it.You should also be sure to pace yourself while writing your essays in order to stay on task. Even though you are in a classroom, you should still write at a very comfortable pace. While it's tempting to work on your essays when you feel like you're on top of everything, this is something that you should remember. You want to ensure that you are going at a comfortable pace, which is something that you can contro l.Finally, you should focus on the parts of your essay that have the most potential for you to improve upon, as these are the parts that will allow you to see the most potential for improvement. Often students want to write better essays because they feel the essay is too difficult. However, you should remember that while the material is challenging, the essay is still your work. You shouldn't feel any pressure to write essays that are overly difficult or have essay questions that are overly long.Writing the essay is still an important task and should be treated as such. If you can keep this in mind, you will be able to focus more on the finer details of your essay and see the potential in it. You should remember that with your newfound skill, you can develop this ability to see potential in a number of different areas, making your essay's even more valuable.While many people think it's impossible to write better essays, it's far from the truth. While it's hard to believe that anyon e can write an essay that's perfect, it's a fact that you should always remember when writing your own essays. After all, the essay is a big part of your education and is an important experience that you should always be prepared for.

Descartes s Theory Of God - 1490 Words

Within his work, Descartes presents the causal argument, in which he demonstrates the idea that God must exist because everything with an affect must have a cause . This is one approach that Descartes uses to show the proof of God. By the end of meditation two, following onto meditation three Descartes concludes that we as humans are considered as a ‘res cognitas’ in which we are recognised as a thinking thing. However due to humans being known as the ‘res cognitas’ that means God is the ‘perfect being’. Descartes uses this to prove the existence of God, because it takes his view that anything with an effect must have a cause, in terms that we as humans are the affect concluding that God is the cause. The argument entitles that God is†¦show more content†¦The effects must come from a greater source. Meditation three includes the idea that God must exist because he is a perfect being , therefore it is more perfect for him to exist than for him to be non-existent. If God was not to exist but instead was just a concept, than our idea of the concept of God would not be perfect, because he is unable to exist. Furthermore it results that God must exist, because if our concept of God is to be a perfect being, then that perfect being should be capable of existing also, to truly make him perfect. Concluding there must be the existence of God in Descartes view, because we must have a greater reality. There is a distinction between two realities with Descartes meditation. It entails that there is a formal reality and a modal formal reality. Formal reality is demonstrating that we are finite beings, and because of this there must be something greater than that. There must be an existence that is greater than us. To this it concludes that there is an infinite being, which would also be the source of our being . Within this reality God is the only thing which has an infinite formal reality that exists. Whereas humans, we are substances consequently we do not possess this, instead we have formal finite reality. Moreover, Descartes uses this to prove the existence of God, because God is an infinite being due to his greaterShow MoreRelatedDescartes s Theory Of Skepticism, The Evil Demon, And God1943 Words   |  8 PagesExplain and evaluate Rene Descartes argument for knowledge including the role of skepticism, the evil demon, and god in resolving his doubts. Rene Descartes argues that a rational method is required to have knowledge. Descartes wants to determine which, if any beliefs, he has that are certain must be true! He employs a method of doubt whereby he hopes to find at least one foundational belief. The Evil Demon suggests that all of one’s experiences might be the result of a powerful outside force, aRead MoreDescartes Second Argument For The Existence Of God1642 Words   |  7 PagesPaper: Descartes’ Second Argument for the Existence of God As with almost all of Descartes inquiries the roots of his second argument for the existence of God begin with his desire to build a foundation of knowledge that he can clearly and distinctly perceive. At the beginning of the third meditation Descartes once again recollects the things that he knows with certainty. The problem arises when he attempts to clearly and distinctly understand truths of arithmetic and geometry. Descartes has enoughRead MorePropelling Rational Thought Over Compelling Empiricism1459 Words   |  6 Pages In this paper I intend to examine the rationalist philosophy of Rene Descartes and fundamental empiricism of John Locke’s philosophical arguments, in particular their ideas relating to the science of man, his identity and attempt to explain distinctions between the two. As I lay the framework of my argument it is important to understand the precepts that serve as the underpinning for the views considered by Descartes and Locke respectively. Rationalism and empiricism are two modes of thoughtRead MoreAnalysis Of Rene Descartes Theory Of God Essay1514 Words   |  7 Pagesbelief of God in conceptual value has been imbued in the heart of the human race as a core valve in man’s history. From antiquity to contemporary modernism, there has always been a diversified integration composed of believers and non-believers of God. The assemblage of those who have â€Å"pledged their allegiance† to God foster a like-minded relation to one religious group or another. On the other hand, â€Å"rationalist - freethinkers† as I would like to call them, postulate the perception of God to be inexplicableRead MoreThe Meditations On First Philosophy1486 Words   |  6 Pagesexistence of God those progresses from the existence of an idea of an unlimited existence in the human mind—an idea of God—to the being of God himself. Insofar as we have an idea of an unlimited existence, an idea with â€Å"infinite independent reality†, we can reasonably ask when it arrived to us. The only thinkable reason of this impression, prerogatives Descartes, is an countless existence, explicitly, God. The manifestation of correct this knowledge in the proof is crucial. In element, Descartes continuesRead More Rene Descartes Essay1271 Words   |  6 PagesI think, therefore I am Rene Descartes was a man obsessed with finding things out for himself, an intellectual who contributed to the field of psychology. Born in the 16th century, Descartes grew up in a society where ideas, thoughts and perceptions were not questioned but were supposed to be understood and supported. While growing up and through his studies, Descartes began to make strides in the fields of philosophy, mathematics and science. Descartes was a man who challenged accepted ideasRead MoreDavid Hume And Renee Descartes s Theories Of Knowledge And Ideas1356 Words   |  6 PagesPhilosophers David Hume and Renee Descartes have opposing views about the origination of ideas. Hume claims that all ideas are copies of impressions, which come from sensation. Descartes disagrees with this, arguing that in order to obtain knowledge, there must be a rational method for obtaining it, and that the senses are not a reliable source. This essay will present both philosopher’s arguments and compare and contrast each perspective regarding matters of knowledge and ideas. I will then argueRead MoreThomas Aquinas vs. Descarates Essays673 Words   |  3 Pagesphilosophers Thomas Aquinas’s and Rene Descartes used the method of ontological argument for the existence of God and used intuition and reason alone to get to each other’s theory. Rene Descartes wrote out several mediations, but the one we’re going to touch base on is meditation III that he wrote in the 1600’s; While Thomas Aquinas’s wrote his five proofs of God in 1270 that specifies God’s existence in each proof; the one that gives the best argument is the existence of God in his III proof. While both philosophersRead MoreWilliam Descartes s The Domino Effect On The Existence Of God1371 Words   |  6 PagesTake Home Exam #2 Part One: Descartes was a famous French philosopher in the mid 1500’s. He had a very particular argument that still confuses and or makes sense to many people today. His argument is basically in regards to the existence of God. The way he describes this argument is by breaking it down by two principles. Those two principles are the â€Å"Principle of Sufficient Reason† and the â€Å"Principle of Adequate Reality.† In the Principle of sufficient Reason, Descartes points out that there is aRead MoreEssay about Descartes vs. Spinoza1588 Words   |  7 PagesTerm Paper, Philosophy 1107 Aaron Davis Evaluation Comparison Between Descartes and Spinoza About The Paper: What I will do in this following paper is to discuss two very interesting philosophers, Rene Descartes and Benedictus de Spinoza. I will discuss each philosopher’s perspectives and insights on their most recognized theories and thoughts. I will then evaluate them and then give my opinion on the given topic. By doing this, I will contrast the similarities and

Atomic Bomb On Hiroshima And Nagasaki - 2413 Words

After Nazi Germany had been defeated, it appeared that World War II was over, and that the allies had emerged victorious. However, the war had yet to be won in the Pacific. Japan was aware that the Third Reich had fallen, but had refused to surrender to the allies. This had created a huge issue for the allies, primarily the United States, who was taking the brunt of the conflict in the Pacific. The United States method of war in the Pacific, Island Hopping, had so far been a success, despite huge loss of life on the side of the United States as well as the Japanese. Even with the crushing defeats suffered by Japan, surrender was not an option to most of them, evidenced by both banzai and kamikaze attacks. The United States realized a more drastic method was needed, and it was decided that the Japanese mainland needed to be invaded. However, another option emerged, which was dropping the atomic bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The dropping of the atomic bombs on Hiroshima (August 6th 1945) and Nagasaki (August 9th 1945) remains among the most controversial events in modern history. At the time, the dropping of the atomic bombs was both strategically and morally justified, yet today it is a hotly debated topic, thought to be excessive or unnecessary. However, the dropping of the atomic bombs, while an atrocious act, was in fact the lesser of two evils. The alternative was to prolong one of the bloodiest conflicts in global history, and allow for the slaughter of many moreShow MoreRelatedAtomic Bombs On Hiroshima And Nagasaki844 Words   |  4 Pagesdropped atomic bombs over the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki killing nearly 200,000 people. This resulted in Japans surrender in World War II. J. Samuel Walker analyzes this historical event in his book Prompt and Utter Destruction: Truman and the Use of Atomic Bombs. Over the past 70 years’ extensive research has been conducted and there is an understanding that Truman’s decision to drop the atomic bombs is inconclusive. It is impossible to determine that the use of the bomb was the quickestRead MoreThe Atomic Bomb Of Hiroshima And Nagasaki1302 Words   |  6 PagesAllies almost one week after being hit with two atomic bombs. On August 6, 1945 during World War II an American B-29 bomber dropped the world s first deployed atomic bomb over the Japanese city Hiroshima, wiping out 90 percent of the city and killing 80,000 people immediately. Three days later a second B-29 dropped another atomic bomb on the Japanese city Nagasaki, killing around 40,000 people. (The Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki) The Hiroshima/Nagasaki bombings were necessary because it played aRead MoreThe Atomic Bomb Of Hiroshima And Nagasaki884 Words   |  4 PagesFearful cries spread through the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki as the atomic bombs were dropped. Thousands of people were killed instantly, with the rest left critically injured. Eventually, it was measured that 135,000 people were killed as a result of these bombs. We know that many people were killed. But how and why were the atomic bombs created? Who decided to use them? These questions all contribute to the fact that the atomic bombs impacted the world greatly. It all started when WorldRead MoreThe Atomic Bomb On Hiroshima And Nagasaki Essay1776 Words   |  8 PagesThe use of the atomic bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki at the end of World War II was a controversial decision that was made by President Truman. On August 6, 1945, President Truman decided to drop the atomic bomb on the Japanese city of Hiroshima and three days later a second atomic bomb on Nagasaki. It brought an end to the bloody war in the Pacific after 4 years. Making Japan surrender in the face of unimaginable force and significant destruction on Japan’s soil. Nevertheless, Truman’s decisionRead MoreThe Atomic Bomb Of Hiroshima And Nagasaki1515 Words   |  7 PagesResearch Question: Was it necessary for President Truman to drop the atomic bomb in Japan? Was it necessary for Truman to drop the Atomic Bombs on Japan in World War II? On August 6, 1945, the first atomic bomb was dropped by a US aircraft on Hiroshima. This atomic bomb was dropped to force Japan into surrender, this bomb alone destroyed Hiroshima and over 90,000 people were instantly killed in the explosion and an additional 100,000 people perished from burns and radiation sickness. Japan refusedRead MoreThe Atomic Bombs On Hiroshima And Nagasaki1764 Words   |  8 Pagesmake the decision to drop the bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki however, President Truman was ultimately the man who made the final decision to launch ‘Little Boy’ and destroy Hiroshima, Nagasaki and their civilians, thus forcing an end to the war. Although there were many alternatives presented to President Truman, it is unknown as to whether they would have actually succeeded in ending the war or producing less casualties. Truman made the decision to drop these bombs in the heat of war but h is justificationRead MoreThe Atomic Bomb Of Hiroshima And Nagasaki1364 Words   |  6 PagesOn the 6th of August 1945 America dropped the atomic bomb by the name of ‘Little Boy’ dropped by the plane ‘Enola Gay’ on the Japanese city, Hiroshima. Three days later on the 9th of August America dropped another bombed called, ‘Fat Man’ on the Japanese city of Nagasaki. A surrender was received and accepted by America on the 15th of August and the war against Japan had ended. Harry S. Truman, the man responsible for dropping the bombs claims it ended the war more efficiently and was in fact theRead MoreThe Atomic Bomb Of Hiroshima And Nagasaki Essay1570 Words   |  7 PagesDespite the extreme devastation, the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki were necessary. The atomic bomb is a weapon unmatched in warfare, rapidly releasing nuclear energy by fission of atomic nuclei. Desperate times call for desperate measures, which is why America chose to unleash its most deadly weapon, the atomic bomb, on Japan. America, who had already fought in World War II for over four years, had no desire to perpetuate the war. When Japan refused to surrender, America was leftRead MoreAtomic Bombs On Hiroshima And Nagasaki1074 Words   |  5 PagesThere are many different ways in which WWII could have ended. Rather than taking the risk of dropping atomic bombs on Japan, many people believe that one of the alternative options would have been much more sensible. The variety of possible options the U.S. could have taken to finish the war have been analyzed for years. Though Truman’s decision to drop the atomic bombs over Hiroshima and Nagasaki is one of the most controversial and debated topics in history, this researcher believes that he madeRead MoreThe Atomic Bomb On Hiroshima And Nagasaki1998 Words   |  8 Pagesto drop the atomic bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki? Joon Jung 2/21/16 Word Count: 1848 Section A: Identification and Evaluation of Sources Research Question: Was it necessary for President Truman to drop the atomic bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki? Was it necessary for Truman to drop the Atomic Bombs on Japan in World War II? On August 6, 1945, the first atomic bomb was dropped by a US aircraft on Hiroshima. This atomic bomb was dropped to force Japan into surrender, this bomb alone destroyed

Essay about Why we believe in ghosts - 2803 Words

English 1 research paper 29 March 2013 Why people believe in ghosts. Lying in bed in the middle of the night while sleep eludes me, a noise breaks through the silence. Oh my God! What was that!? Maybe it was just my imagination, or maybe it was just the house settling. There it is again! I must be hearing things. I get cold and my body starts to shiver uncontrollably. I peek to where the sound comes from and I could swear I see something through the dark room; it appears even darker than the surrounding area. Oh my! I think it just moved. My breathing becomes labored and I pull the covers over my head, trying to calm myself down while making my brain work through what just happened. Was I dreaming? Or did I just see a ghost? Many of†¦show more content†¦The belief in Doppelgangers and poltergeist has also crossed the ocean over to the U.S. Many people still report poltergeist activity in their homes. Another example of a cultures belief in ghosts is Ireland’s and Scotland’s (also known as the Celt’s) belief in Samhain or All Hallow’s Eve. Samhain is a festival that is celebrated from October 31st to November 2nd. Samhain is a time of the year that celebrates the last harvest before the winter comes, and is dedicated to the â€Å"Lord of the Dead† (Guiley 19). The Celt’s believe that the dead will come out of their final resting place and mess with the crops. Also, it is believed that communication with the dead is easier during Samhain. It is said that the veil that separates the living from the dead is at its thinnest during this time. The Lord of the Dead holds a sentencing of spirits, where if they were good they can exist in the form of a human, and if they were bad, the form of an animal. Offerings of food and drink are made to the Lord of the Dead so he would not be so severe in his sentencing. Many Celt’s would dress up on S amhain to confuse the spirits that were roaming around so they wouldn’t stop, but continue to pass them by (Guiley 19). This festival is still celebrated today as Halloween. Currently, Americans hold by some of the old traditions by dressing up and making offerings by handing out candy. Many Celt’s still hold beliefs in the old ways. Celt’s also believe in what isShow MoreRelated The Ghost of King Hamlet Essay1301 Words   |  6 PagesThe Ghost of King Hamlet      Ã‚   Many Shakespeare plays contain ghosts, perhaps most notably and most disturbingly in Macbeth and Hamlet. The ghost in Hamlet is the apparition of prince Hamlets father, the dead King Hamlet.   However, up until the time when the ghost first appears to Hamlet, interrupting his speech and thoughts, it appears Hamlet is unaware that his father was murdered.   As the ghost intones, I am thy fathers spirit, / Doomed for a certain term to walk the night, / And for theRead MoreThe Importance Of Ghost In Hamlet761 Words   |  4 Pagesdifferent stories, ghosts play an important part in the plot, as they enhance the reader’s view of the characters and the events that take place. The play, Hamlet, written by William Shakespeare, in 1609, explores the theme of ghosts and real people living around them. The play is about Prince Hamlet, whose father was murdered during his sleep by his brother, Claudius, who later became the king and married Prince Hamlet’s mother. Throughout the play, Hamlet wants to take revenge, and the ghost guides HamletRead MoreGender Criticism and The Turn of the Screw by Henry James1315 Words   |  6 Pagesconsiderably supported by textual evidence from the novel. One issue which, like the rest, can be answered in more than one ways is why Mrs. Grose believes the Governess when she tells her about her ghost encounters. Usually one would second-guess such outlandish stories as the ones that the governess shares throughout the story, yet Mrs. Grose is very quick to believe our borderline-insane narrator. One of the explanations for such behavior could be the underlying fact that Mrs. Grose and the governessRead MoreGhost are Real Essay1450 Words   |  6 PagesGhost are Real Ghosts, as with any other misunderstood group or people, have been preyed upon by others without understanding. The lack of knowledge about ghosts and haunting activity has led people astray as to what they really are. What Hollywood and television portrays is very inaccurate and cannot be relied upon as truthful. They show these spirits of the dead as being evil in nature, filled with malice and harmful intent. But that this is not the case. The field of paranormal activity isRead MoreMy Mind Is Playing Tricks On You1228 Words   |  5 Pagesits conspiracy theories, superstitions, ghost, religion or even supernatural experiences. Everybody has their own beliefs. Why don’t we all just believe in one†¦ Logic! People are scared to question what they believe, because they never really know if it’s real or fake, so they might as well do the right thing â€Å"just in case†. Why don’t they test their theories to actually really find out for themselves? Ho nestly, one can be scared of the truth which is why they avoid it, but anything can be provenRead MoreEssay on HOW DOES CHARLES DICKENS CREATE SUSPENSE IN THE SIGNAL MAN?1098 Words   |  5 Pagesthe narrator fully. He also describes the spooky sight of the first ghost, the unusual second appearance of a ghost and the death aboard the train. Dickens presents the setting of his story vividly. Often, he uses such personification as angry sunset; to show that the narrator may be angry as the sun would be blazing down in his eyes. This helps create suspense and make us want to read more. Immediately in the book, we are shown the setting. It is described as a deep trench and unusuallyRead MoreChristmas Carol: the Ghost of Christmas Present1185 Words   |  5 PagesChristmas Carol The Ghost of Christmas Present Ghost : Come in, Scrooge! Come in! Come in and know me better, man! I am the Ghost of Christmas Present. Look upon me! You have never seen the likes of me before? Scrooge : Never. Ghost : Have never walked forth with my elder brothers? Scrooge : I dont think that I have. You have many brothers? Ghost : More than 1,800. 1,842, to be exact. Scrooge : I see you wear a scabbard, but no sword. Ghost : Indeed. Peace on Earth. GoodRead MoreIs Spirituality Culturally Relevant?910 Words   |  4 Pagestribes or from the modern society, the finest buildings are always worshiping places. Because our ancestors’ lives are mysterious to us, we worship our ancestors. This occurs in ancient cultures all over the world, and also in modern times. It plays an important role in primitive religions. Ancestor worship is rooted in the belief that the dead live on (as angels or ghosts) and are able to influence the lives of later generations. These ancestors can assert their power by blessing or cursing, and theirRead MoreThe Significance of Death and Sex to William Shakespeare1482 Words   |  6 Pagesbefore. In Hamlet, we can see clear examples of Death and Sin as significant to Shakespearean drama. The first thing that points to both death and sin is the inclusion of a ghost in the play. The presence of a ghost became a conventional element to revenge tragedy, wherein the ghost would reveal why it was in purgatory and therefore haunting whomever it was haunting. The haunting was usually of someone in the same family who would then feel forced into revenging the ghosts death, such as HamletRead MoreAct 1 as an Effective Opening to Hamlet by William Shakespeare987 Words   |  4 Pagesintroduces an effective opening to the play. The scene is set at the castle grounds of Elsinore. It is bitterly cold Tis bitter cold, and I am sick at heart and it is twelve oclock Tis now struck twelve. This creates an effective opening, as we know it will be dark, and nighttime is useful for portraying supernatural or evil occurrences. The audience will there for be prepared or expecting a supernatural being. The use of short, snappy sentences indicates a mood of fear, as

Ethics Sustainability and Stakeholder Management †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Ethics Sustainability and Stakeholder Management. Answer: Introduction: The essay contains the brief overview of the interview of the manager of the firm named The Beechworth Bakery. The manger named William Dunn has been asked questions on the ethical issues and the issues related to the leadership development and the guidance of the manager as a leader in the company. The essay analyses the work plan of the manger of the company and the way he remains motivated and gives motivation to his employees. It also contains the ways the manager tackles the employees and their problems. The manager of the company was asked initially that how did he plan to do his entire workday. According to him, a day sheet maintained his workday, he accordingly planned his work, and he maintained a roster for the same. He came up with an effective plan of how to plan his work for the future two weeks. He plans his work before hand and accordingly works on it (Trevino and Nelson 2016). He exactly knows the work he has to do in the next day. regarding the future plan he had he had a view that he maintained a diary and a planner. The manager on maintaining the organizing his works and the issues that was making things difficult as well easy for the manager to achieve his goals thought that it was difficult for him to achieve goals while they have difficulty when the number of employees are absent. In spite of that, some employees remain present and complete the work willingly. This makes easy for the manager to work. The manger came up with an interesting solution in maintaining the motivation of his staffs and the ways he adopted to motivate them. He thought that it was necessary to motivate the staffs as a leader and not as a boss. He always remains self-motivated by enjoying his job (DuBrin 2015). He further opined that his approach always remains confident and he thinks himself to be at the same level as his employees while motivating them. The manager had smart ways of tackling his staffs and he thought it would help to create a good impression on the employees. The manager thought that according to him a person could lead only if he was good listener of things, he should be able to work as strong support by the side of his staffs, and he must have the capability to convey the people about the things. The manger always acclaimed his managers and CEO to be his leader. The reason for this was that he has received great help from them and was nourished by them (Jones and George 2015). The officials who was on the head of the company also maintained the same idea that the manager had regarding organizing his staffs and employees. The manager got the inspiration of organizing the concepts from his boss and CEO. Hence, from this it can be said that the organizing strategy of the c ompany was structured and organized. As the interview progressed, the manager was asked the way he mentored others. The manger had a concept that he mentored his staffs by being easy to talk to and he thought it was necessary to have the knowledge to answer the quarries of the staffs. The concept of achieving the goals was important to the manager while working with his fellow mangers and the subordinates. The manger had this view that he liked to work as a team and they achieve goals by working as an entire team and not individually. The concept that followed this was that how he dealt with the conflicts that rose in the groups that he worked in. The manger believed that open conversations was always better (Carroll and Buchholtz 2014). He would prefer to listen to both the sides and he would finally consider the solution, which will be good for the company. Further, the view of the ethical issues came to the forefront that he faced while playing the role of manger (Weiss 2014). The manager said that some issues were t he availability of staff and he faced problem while approving leaves of the staffs who have not informed about it from before. The arguments related to this were a problem that the manager faced. When asked was it important for him to be aware of the diversity in workplaces, he replied that it was important as the work place had multiple culture and different sexes it was necessary to maintain that. The final concept of organizing things was whether the work place diversity gave the organization a competitive advantage (Steinbauer et al. 2014). Therefore, while concluding this can be stated that the manger had well organized ethical plans to keep the environment positive in the work place. He prioritized his employees and he intends to solve the serious issues of the employees not being a leader but being a normal employee and as team. The motivation process of the manager and the process of solving the issues of the employees are impressive. References Trevino, L.K. and Nelson, K.A., 2016.Managing business ethics: Straight talk about how to do it right. John Wiley Sons. DuBrin, A.J., 2015.Leadership: Research findings, practice, and skills. Nelson Education. Jones, G. and George, J., 2015.Contemporary management. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Carroll, A. and Buchholtz, A., 2014.Business and society: Ethics, sustainability, and stakeholder management. Nelson Education. Weiss, J.W., 2014.Business ethics: A stakeholder and issues management approach. Berrett-Koehler Publishers. Steinbauer, R., Renn, R.W., Taylor, R.R. and Njoroge, P.K., 2014. Ethical leadership and followers moral judgment: The role of followers perceived accountability and self-leadership.Journal of Business Ethics,120(3), pp.381-392.

Practice and Enforcement of Power in the Modern Information Age

Table of Contents Introduction Blackness and Power Language and Superiority. Trading of a basic need for power Alternative lawfulness Conclusion Works Cited Introduction There are a variety of ways in which one can exercise power. The most common means that have been employed were to force subjects into submission by causing pain or an uncomfortable situation that the subject would not bear. The exercise of power involves two parties.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Practice and Enforcement of Power in the Modern Information Age specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The inferior who is always forced into submission and the superior who causes the power enforcement. This trend in exercising power has been a character of most countries that colonize others. However, this is not an absolute solution in itself. The question of race brings a clearer picture of this situation. There exists a division in the human beings that suggests that some races are superior to others. The means with which one administers influence over another varies with the environment involved in that situation. However, whoever wins in the power game practices dominion over the subdued, thus changing every aspect of the victim’s life. Historically, this has been a way with which identities of a people have been completely lost or given a new course because one person may perceive another one’s practice as inferior. The inferiority mind that one creates over another is intended bring change. To a great extend, as the world realizes more civilization, even the people long thought to be inferior gains some insights in knowledge and the result is that they question the power and leadership of the superior man. This is the root of colonialism. Man has tried to solve the paradox of power enforcement since time immemorial. Through generations, kings rose against one another ending into unaccountable damages. This w as the physical means of perpetuating power. To the contrary, was it the reason the many countries and people failed to bring forth the question of decolonization even after the departure of the colonist? Blackness and Power Racism. This is the outcry one race. But is racism relative in the current world. Why is mentioned anyway if truly it exists, how is it exercised among people? This has been the biggest question if not a puzzle to answer. A black man is passing and young white kid is busy pestering its mother of the presence of the black man. In an oversight, the black man realizes an aura existing and decides to act rebelliously.Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The irony here is that once upon a time, the white kid’s ancestors ruled over the black man with an iron fist. In the face of scorn, this man has nothing to do with his situation; indeed there is a power fl ow from the white kid to the black adult, with no weapon or brutality involved physically. The assault the kid causes has remarkable implications. The psychological affliction that is left on the mind of the black man leaves them asking questions if they are savages or the outcasts of the society. Nevertheless, if the power that transpires between a black and white man draws such feelings, why then do we sometimes have a black man with some status in society exercise the same against fellow blacks. Initially the family fabric among blacks cherished brotherhood; no one person was supposed to belittle another. As a result there is agreement that oppression of a black man by a black man is anti-black mannerism. If the mannerism that one black man exercises over another is not the norm of the African society, what then could be the source of the oppression? The answer to the above lies in the quest of colonialism. This is an aped character which is a result of colonialism. Although, dif ferences may exist between two Africans, they are both inferior in the eyes of a white man. Drawing from the example of an elite African and his friend, which one among them exercises without physical involvement another? The answer is none among the two! Therefore, who actually is credited with that power? It is the white man? He rules through causing the two to stratify societies causing inferior groups among â€Å"the inferior†. It has been long since slavery was abolished. But in day to day speech, the word still escapes the lips of a few. However, the context in which it is applied does not reflect the cotton plantations of the 19th century America. By way of example, who taught a black man that his color is undesirable? Is it not his struggle to look like a white man that makes him think that he has a bad color? Doesn’t this result to justification of a conclusion that a black man is a modern day slave in his own â€Å"color plantation†, after the real sla ve world in the cotton plantations.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Practice and Enforcement of Power in the Modern Information Age specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Thus the idea of slavery is still being exercised today not in slave ships but silently in the mind of the black, without the physical abuse that was commonly associated to slaves. In fact the power of it today is more brutal to the black man than the physical brutality that the ancestors of the black man encountered (Fanon 17-41). Language and Superiority. A language helps people to communicate. It does not matter it the language is native or foreign. To a large extent, language is an expression of culture solidity. Sometime we say that the power of a language is an expression of a longing of one person to adopt a cultural modification. Examples are borrowed from the languages spoken by the former colonies of the European nations where most the lang uages called â€Å"national languages† are not natives. Because of the influence of the owner in a language power is exercised. The trick employed by most people is cause someone to speak your language and you can manipulate them the way you desire them to. Power of language here has been used figuratively to mean the owner of making someone act the way your own way. The figure in the language as employed means many aspects. One of the aspects is that one creates an inferiority state in another so that looking at his/ her own culture, what he sees is not only despondency but also hatred. Some people leave their native countries and travel abroad particularly to their former colonies for studies or special trainings in various fields. After spending some time in those foreign lands they would come back with pretence that they have forgotten their native languages and adopted the foreign one. The dialect completely changes and assumes no trace of the local language as was spoke n before departure. Because someone thinks that he has acquired and mastered it, presumes equality to a superior race which he doesn’t belong to. One thing that is forgotten by the victims of this is that they lose identity. They are tone between acting native and foreign. Since they want to please even the real speakers of the language, sacrifices are made such that the native will lose his identity and adopt the identity of a superior race.Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More On the other hand, blacks have long been seen as uncivilized communities. Their intelligence has been questioned for many centuries. Their ways have been equated pre-historic forest dwellers that are at the moment slightly above the primates. How can they therefore, disapprove the Whiteman that they can also learn and even learn better than the superior race? Knowing that they cannot exercise real physical power over the whites, they would rather use their language skills to equate themselves to the whites just to create a fair tension in power without any violence or weapons involvement. That is how the black man fights the white man. He gets satisfied by exercising his power by the use of a language well mastered (Fanon 108-141). Trading of a basic need for power One way of handling colonization is by defying its systems and institutions. But what do we decolonize people from? Colonization in the early days was characterized with brutality. Today, colonization is taking place insi piently and with more repercussions than it was even realized. Having seen the threat and challenge, the colonist still wants to dominate the scene. The person who was thought was inferior has finally adopted the culture imposed on him and at the moment is a potential competitor to the colonist. The colonist faces, two challenges. In the first, place he has to dominate but not violently. But he realizes one weakness in the colonized; he doesn’t have necessary technology, he still clings to cultural practices. He devices a way to perpetuate his dominance by raising one of their own in order to rule. The colonist hides in the colonized elite to rule against his people but using the ideas of the colonist. Hence no force is used but the colonist still rule. At this stage propaganda is the main tool used (Foucault 258-273). Alternative lawfulness Punishment application has been mostly used to correct criminals. The study has proved otherwise that alternative treatment of the body can yield a corrective result not necessarily by employment of creation of a harsh environment. A human body is thought to exist in two parts; the physical and tangible body, which for a long time has been thought when subjected to harsh treatment, produces a result. The second of the human body is the soul. The soul in this context is the intangible being which is determined by the environment that a person is in. thorough study has shown that it is rather healthy to cause a change to the to the soul part of the human body than physically abusing the physical body. This is done by the employment of the fact that through subjecting the physical body to a series of trainings, the soul part becomes accustomed to some knowledge change. If for instance a criminal is just confined behind bars without contact to the outside world, science has shown that it produces more corrective means than subjection of a person to physical abuse. Examples for this part are hardcore criminals coming int o being when subjected to harsh prison environments. These people come out more dangerous than they entered. An alternative means is to cause change through imparting some knew knowledge insights in (creating a new soul) in someone like an inmate. Teach them something productive while they are confined and they will come out changed people than treating them harshly, only create a dangerous person (Fanon 109-141). Conclusion Practice and enforcement of power in the modern information age has taken a new dimension. This owes its success to the application of new thoughts into the being of a human. As such methods grow in popularity, we move away from the industrial age notions of exercising power through physical punishment of the body. Just have a desire to modify someone’s traditions or customs through incentives so that they cannot even realize that you exist. Let your power move unnoticed and with time change will take its natural course. Works Cited Fanon, Frantz. Black S kin, White masks. 2008. June 30, 2011 Fanon, Frantz. The Wretches of the Earth. 2008. June 30, 2011 Foucault, Michel. The History of Sexuality: right over death, 2008. June 30, 2011. This essay on Practice and Enforcement of Power in the Modern Information Age was written and submitted by user Bethany W. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Helen of Troy in the Iliad of Homer

Helen of Troy in the Iliad of Homer The Iliad describes the conflicts between Achilles and his leader, Agamemnon, and between Greeks and Trojans, following the abduction of Agamemnons sister-in-law, Helen of Sparta (aka Helen of Troy), by the Trojan prince Paris. Helens precise role in the abduction is unknown  since  the event is a matter of legend rather than historical fact and has been variously interpreted in literature. In Helen in the Iliad: Causa Belli and Victim of War: From Silent Weaver to Public Speaker, Hanna M. Roisman looks at the limited details that show Helens perception of events, people, and her own guilt. The following is my understanding of the details Roisman provides. Helen of Troy appears only 6 times in the Iliad, four of which are in the third book, one appearance in Book VI, and a final appearance in the last (24th) book. The first and last appearances are specified in the title of Roismans article. Helen has mixed feelings because she feels some complicity in her own abduction and realizes how much death and suffering has been the result. That her Trojan husband is not terribly manly compared with his brother or her first husband only increases her feelings of regret. However, it is not clear that Helen had any choice. She is, after all, a possession, one of many ​Paris stole from Argos, although the only one he is unwilling to return (7.362-64). Helens fault lies in her beauty rather than in her acts, according to the old men at the Scaean Gate (3.158). Helen's First Appearance Helens first appearance is when the goddess Iris [See Hermes for information on the status of Iris in the Iliad], disguised as a sister-in-law, comes to summon Helen from her weaving. Weaving is a typically wifely occupation, but the subject Helen is weaving is unusual  since she is depicting the suffering of the Trojan War heroes. Roisman argues this shows Helens willingness to take responsibility for precipitating the deadly course of events. Iris, who summons Helen to witness a duel between her two husbands to decide with whom she will live, inspires Helen with a longing for her original husband, Menelaus. Helen does not appear to see behind the disguise to the goddess and goes compliantly, without uttering a word. Then Iris came as messenger to white-armed Helen,taking on the image of her sister-in-law,wife of Antenors son, fine Helicaon.Her name was Laodice, of all Priams daughtersthe most beautiful. She found Helen in her room,weaving a large cloth, a double purple cloak,creating pictures of the many battle scenesbetween horse-taming Trojans and bronze-clad Achaeans,wars they suffered for her sake at the hands of Ares.Standing near by, swift-footed Iris said:Come here, dear girl.Look at the amazing things going on.Horse-taming Trojans and bronze-clad Achaeans,men who earlier were fighting one anotherin wretched war out there on the plain,both keen for wars destruction, are sitting still.Alexander and war-loving Menelausare going to fight for you with their long spears.The man who triumphs will call you his dear wife.With these words the goddess set in Helens heartsweet longing for her former husband, city, parents. Covering herself with a white shawl, she left the house, shedding tears. Helen's Second Appearance Helens second appearance in the Iliad is with the old men at the Scaean Gate. Here Helen actually speaks, but only in response to Trojan King Priams addressing her. Although the war has been waged for 9 years and the leaders are presumably well known, Priam asks Helen to identify men who turn out to be Agamemnon, Odysseus, and Ajax. Roisman believes this was a conversational gambit rather than a reflection of Priams ignorance. Helen responds politely and with flattery, addressing Priam as Dear father-in-law, you arouse in me both respect and awe, 3.172. She then adds that she regrets ever having left her homeland and daughter, and, continuing the theme of her responsibility, she is sorry that she has caused the death of those slain in war. She says she wishes she had not followed Priams son, thereby deflecting some of the blame from herself, and possibly laying it at Priams feet as guilty by virtue of having helped create such a son. They soon reached the Scaean Gates.Oucalegaon and Antenor, both prudent men,elder statesmen, sat at the Scaean Gates, 160with Priam and his entourage- Panthous, Thymoetes,Lampus, Clytius, and warlike Hicataeon. Old men now,their fighting days were finished, but they all spoke well.They sat there, on the tower, these Trojan elders,like cicadas perched up on a forest branch, chirpingtheir soft, delicate sounds. Seeing Helen approach the tower,they commented softly to each other- their words had wings:Theres nothing shameful about the factthat Trojans and well-armed Achaeanshave endured great suffering a long time 170over such a woman- just like a goddess,immortal, awe-inspiring. Shes beautiful.But nonetheless let her go back with the ships.Let her not stay here, a blight on us, our children.So they talked. Priam then called out to Helen.Come here, dear child. Sit down in front of me,so you can see your first husband, your friends,your relatives. As far as Im concerned,you bear no blame . For I blame the gods.They drove me to wage this wretched war 180against Achaeans. Tell me, whos that large man,over there, that impressive, strong Achaean?Others may be taller by a head than him,but Ive never seen with my own eyessuch a striking man, so noble, so like a king.Then Helen, goddess among women, said to Priam:My dear father-in-law, whom I respect and honour,how I wish Id chosen evil deathwhen I came here with your son, leaving behindmy married home, companions, darling child, 190and friends my age. But things didnt work that way.So I weep all the time. But to answer you,that man is wide-ruling Agamemnon,son of Atreus, a good king, fine fighter,and once he was my brother-in-law,if that life was ever real. Im such a whore.Priam gazed in wonder at Agamemnon, saying:Son of Atreus, blessed by the gods, fortunes child,divinely favoured, many long-haired Achaeansserve under you. Once I went to Phrygia, 200that vine-rich land, where I saw Phrygian troopswith all their horses, th ousands of them,soldiers of Otreus, godlike Mygdon,camped by the banks of the Sangarius river. I was their ally, part of their army,the day the Amazons, mens peers in war,came on against them. But those forces thenwere fewer than these bright-eyed Achaeans.The old man then spied Odysseus and asked:Dear child, come tell me who this man is, 210shorter by a head than Agamemnon,son of Atreus. But he looks broaderin his shoulders and his chest. His armours stackedthere on the fertile earth, but he strides on,marching through mens ranks just like a rammoving through large white multitudes of sheep.Yes, a woolly ram, thats what he seems to me.Helen, child of Zeus, then answered Priam:That man is Laertes son, crafty Odysseus,raised in rocky Ithaca. Hes well versed 220in all sorts of tricks, deceptive strategies.At that point, wise Antenor said to Helen:Lady, what you say is true. Once lord Odysseuscame here with war-loving Menelaus,as an ambassador in your affairs.I received them both in my residenceand entertained them. I got to know them- from their appearance and their wise advice. Speech continues... Helen's Third Appearance Helens third appearance in the Iliad is with Aphrodite, whom Helen takes to task. Aphrodite is in disguise, as Iris had been, but Helen sees straight through it. Aphrodite, representing blind lust, appears before Helen to summon her to Paris bed at the conclusion of the duel between Menelaus and Paris, which had ended with the survival of both men. Helen is aggravated with Aphrodite and her approach to life. Helen insinuates that Aphrodite would really like Paris for herself. Helen then makes a peculiar comment, that going to Paris bedchamber will arouse snide comments among the women of the city. This is odd because Helen has been living as Paris wife for nine years. Roisman says this shows that Helen is now longing for social acceptance among the Trojans. Goddess, why do you wish to deceive me so?Are you going to take me still further off, [400]to some well populated city somewherein Phrygia or beautiful Maeonia,because youre in love with some mortal manand Menelaus has just beaten Parisand wants to take me, a despised woman, 450back home with him? Is that why youre here,you and your devious trickery?Why dont you go with Paris by yourself,stop walking around here like a goddess,stop directing your feet toward Olympus,and lead a miserable life with him,caring for him, until he makes you his wife [410]or slave. I wont go to him in there - that would be shameful, serving him in bed.Every Trojan woman would revile me afterwards. 460Besides, my heart is hurt enough already. (Book III) Helen has no real choice in whether or not to go to Paris room. She will go, but since she is concerned with what the others think, she covers herself up so as not to be recognized as she goes to Paris bedchamber. Helen's Fourth Appearance The fourth appearance of Helen is with Paris, to whom she is hostile and insulting. If ever she wanted to be with Paris, maturity and the effects of the war have tempered her passion. Paris does not appear to care very much that Helen insults him. Helen is his possession. Youve come back from the fight. How I wish 480youd died there, killed by that strong warriorwho was my husband once. You used to boastyou were stronger than warlike Menelaus, [430]more strength in your hands, more power in your spear.So go now, challenge war-loving Menelausto fight again in single combat.Id suggest you stay away. Dont fight it outman to man with red-haired Menelaus,without further thought. You might well die,come to a quick end on his spear. 490Replying to Helen, Paris said:Wife,dont mock my courage with your insults.Yes, Menelaus has just defeated me,but with Athenas help. Next time Ill beat him. [440]For we have gods on our side, too. But come,lets enjoy our love together on the bed.Never has desire so filled my mind as now,not even when I first took you awayfrom lovely Lacedaemon, sailing offin our sea-worthy ships, or when I lay with you 500in our lovers bed on the isle of Cranae.Thats how sweet passion has seized hold of me,how much I want you now. (Book III) Helen's Fifth Appearance The fifth appearance of Helen is in Book IV. Helen and Hector talk in Paris house, where Helen manages the household just like the other Trojan women. In her encounter with Hector, Helen is self-deprecating, calling herself a dog, evil-contriving and abhorred. She says she wishes she had a better husband, implying she wishes she had a husband more like Hector. It sounds as though Helen may be flirting, but in the previous two encounters Helen has shown that lust no longer motivates her, and the praise makes sense without such an insinuation of coquettishness. Hector, you are my brother,and Im a horrible, conniving bitch.I wish that on that day my mother bore mesome evil wind had come, carried me away,and swept me off, up into the mountains,or into waves of the tumbling, crashing sea, 430then I would have died before this happened.But since gods have ordained these evil things,I wish Id been wife to a better man, [350]someone sensitive to others insults,with feeling for his many shameful acts.This husband of mine has no sense now,and he wont acquire any in the future.I expect hell get from that what he deserves.But come in, sit on this chair, my brother,since this trouble really weighs upon your mind- 440all because I was a bitch- because of thatand Paris folly, Zeus gives us an evil fate,so we may be subjects for mens songsin generations yet to come. (Book VI) Helen's Sixth Appearance Helens final appearance in the Iliad is in Book 24, at Hectors funeral, where she is distinct from the other mourning women, Andromache, Hectors wife, and Hecuba, his mother, in two ways. (1) Helen praises Hector as a family man where they concentrate on his military prowess. (2) Unlike the other Trojan women, Helen will not be taken as a slave. She will be reunited with Menelaus as his wife. This scene is the first and last time she is included with other Trojan women in a public event. She has achieved a measure of acceptance just as the society to which she aspired is about to be destroyed. As she spoke, Hecuba wept. She stirred them on [760]to endless lamentation. Helen was the thirdto lead those women in their wailing:Hector- of all my husbands brothers,youre by far the dearest to my heart.My husbands godlike Alexander, 940who brought me here to Troy. I wish Id diedbefore that happened! This is the twentieth yearsince I went away and left my native land,but Ive never heard a nasty word from youor an abusive speech. In fact, if anyoneever spoke rudely to me in the house- one of your brothers or sisters, some brotherswell-dressed wife, or your mother- for your father [770]always was so kind, as if he were my own- youd speak out, persuading them to stop, 950using your gentleness, your soothing words.Now I weep for you and for my wretched self,so sick at heart, for theres no one elsein spacious Troy whos kind to me and friendly.They all look at me and shudder with disgust.Helen spoke in tears. The huge crowd joined in their lament. (Book XXIV) Roisman says the changes in the behavior of Helen do not reflect personal growth, but the graduated unveiling of her personality in all its richness. Source: Helen in the Iliad; Causa Belli and Victim of War: From Silent Weaver to Public Speaker, AJPh 127 (2006) 1-36, Hanna M. Roisman.

Review of current literature on vocabulary acquisition in teaching and Essay

Review of current literature on vocabulary acquisition in teaching and learning English as a Foreign Language (EFL) - Essay Example (Brumfit 1978 1-2) As the usage of English spread to different parts of the world, it inevitably led to the divergence of the language leading to variations such as American, Australian, Indian, South African & etc. These variations are influenced by local culture, custom and language and are reflected in variations in grammar, meaning, spelling, syntax and pronunciation. The core of Standard English common for all English speaking countries is the reference point for all these variations. Vocabulary of the language is expanding at a phenomenal rate and many new words coined for use in diverse fields such as arts, humanities, science and technology. (Barber 1965 227-275) Developments in information technology and the advent of the 'internet' have added a whole new dimension to the teaching and learning of English as a foreign language. Motivational theories of learning: The motivation to learn a language is twofold: one, 'instrumental' in which case the language is learnt for operational purposes to be able to communicate with other speakers of the language and two, 'integrative', in which case the learner is trying to identify much more closely with the native speakers. The usage of English may be broadly divided into two categories: the usage of English as mother tongue (MT), its usage as second language (SL) or foreign language (FL). When English is taught or learnt as a foreign language it is mostly for operational reasons or the motivation is 'instrumental'. (Brumfit 1978 5-6) Reviewing the work of a number of researchers Lessard-Clouston, defines the characteristics of language learning strategies: they are learner generated, enhance language learning, are visible, involve information and memory, generate a desire for control or autonomy in the learner, allow learners a choice, allow learners to become more self-directed, expand the role of language teachers, are problem oriented, involve many aspects not just the cognitive, can be taught, are flexible and are influenced by a variety of factors. Transfer of strategy of one language skill to another is a related goal. (1997) Learning English as a second (or foreign) language depends on contextual factors (the impact of the learner's mother tongue), individual learner differences (cognitive factors like intelligence, aptitude and language strategies and affective factors like attitude, motivation and anxiety), learning opportunities and outcomes. Mitchell and coauthor base their thesis on Spolsky's "general model of second language learning." They opine that any theory that explains the dynamics of SLA should be able to state clearly and explicitly the ground it covers and claims it makes; systematize procedures for data gathering; explain L2 phenomena, the reasons for them and any mechanisms for change; engaging with other theories in the field. (Mitchell. et al. 2000 11-26). Any approach in researching SLA has to take into consideration that language is learnt in "context". This has to take into consideration both the internal and external realities and investigate the mode by which mental processes convert reality into contexts. Research methodologies, which rely on objectivity, cannot deal with the theory of context. There is a need to reappraise qualitative research methods to test their viability in research into language learning. While

The Localization of Management in China The Implications and Essay

The Localization of Management in China The Implications and Considerations for Foreign Companies - Essay Example Finding - The book provides very sound advice on understanding the operational strategy of China's economy. There is no economy in the world as important and yet as poorly understood as China's. In his penetrating book, Sull helps us understand what really happens in some of China's most important companies. The book is packed with startling stories and much strategic advice for entrepreneurs who can seize the opportunity and manage the risk in the dynamic Chinese market. Finding - This is an intriguing study which addresses the key factors which motivate the local Chinese to open the doors of their land to do business with foreign company. The emphasis is on business lessons which foreign company needs to learn to assimilate into the local culture. The dragon is the Chinese market. Subject - The book is designed to help westerners who intend to conduct business in China. The information contained in the book can also be very helpful if you are visiting China for business or pleasure and even if you desire simply to get greater insight into Chinese worldview and not only the appropriate way to act in different situations, but also some historical and social background which is the inherent part of Chinese business culture. Finding - Thomas G. ... The information contained in the book can also be very helpful if you are visiting China for business or pleasure and even if you desire simply to get greater insight into Chinese worldview and not only the appropriate way to act in different situations, but also some historical and social background which is the inherent part of Chinese business culture. 6. Author-Thomas Geoffrey Moore Title- China in the World Market: Chinese Industry and International Sources of Reform in the Post-Mao Era. Subject- Analysis of China's position in the World market with emphasis on the reform in post-Moa Era. Finding - Thomas G. Moore examines the role of the outside world as a source of change in post-Mao China. Based on extensive documentary and interview material, the book adds the Chinese case to a long tradition of country-based studies by political economists, historians, and area specialists that have chronicled the experiences of developing countries as they enter specific industrial markets in the world economy. This book will be timely and provocative reading for anyone concerned with the nature of China's deepening participation in the world economy and its consequences for the country's development prospects, internal reforms, and foreign policy. 7. Author - Michael Porter Title - Porter on Competition Subject - Strategy formulation in coping with competition Finding - In this book Porter carefully organizes the material within three Parts: First, he focuses on competition and strategy for companies at both the level of a single industry and then for multinational or diversified companies; next, he addresses the role of location in competition; and then he Part III, he addresses some important

Women, Health, and the Environment Essay Example for Free

Women, Health, and the Environment Essay -These three words together speak to a web of issues and concerns that challenges us to think outside the proverbial box and silos that keep us narrowly focused and divided. We must think and act from a holistic perspective if we are ever to reverse the environmental degradation and social inequalities on the planet and create environmentally sustainable, economically viable, and socially equitable gender-sensitive societies. A discussion of women’s health and the environment must also include issues of poverty, hunger, food, security, racism, water, sanitation, agriculture, trade, energy, species extinction, biodiversity and climate change. Our agenda for women’s health and environment must also address access and right to live with dignity, sustainable livelihoods, shelter, education for girls, political power and decision making, sexuality, and freedom from violence, conflict and war. Today many feminists believe we are in a third wave of feminism, one that challenges the idea if dualism itself while recognizing diversity, particularity, and embodiment. By theorizing from the notion of embodiment, recent iterations of feminism are beginning to reweave the specific duality between culture and nature, an especially important endeavor in these environmentally disturbing times. These feminisms, rather than working from established and usually abstract foundational theories, begin from the situated perspectives of different women. Beyond this general congruence, however, there are several different foci in the feminisms seen as third wave today. One of the most intractable problems facing environmentalists is how to address global environmental issues given the very different, often conflicting, ways that nature is valued within and across cultures. In many parts of the world, nature is valued as an exploitable resource that when used efficiently can raise standards of living, improve the quality of life, or increase the wealth of a select few. In other places, people believe that economic development efforts must be sustainable; promoting natural balance and improving living standards are values that can be achieved simultaneously. For many people, the value of global justice suggests that rich nations must do more to protect the global environment in order to allow for the legitimate improvement of the quality of life of the poor. To make things more complicated, there are additional values beyond the value of nature, and the value of justice. Ecofeminism, in the United States, originated during the second wave of feminism as women in the peace movement began to perceive the interrelationships of militarism, sexism, racism, classism and environmental damage. The theorizing of how this environmental damage was related to women’s oppression and the oppression of other people, together with theorizing form the perspectives of the women involved, including women in the so-called developing world, became evident during the time period seen as the emergence of third-wave feminism. Consider basic issue-women’s everyday living environments and women’s access to water and sanitation. Millions of poor women in urban and rural areas around the world do not have access to safe and affordable water or toilets. Unsafe water causes health problems such as diarrhea, schistosomiasis, trachoma, hepatitis, malaria and poisoning. The care of sick family members is usually the responsibility of women and takes time away from their income generating initiatives. To ill health, add the loss and suffering from the death of an estimated three million children a year from contaminated water-related diseases. In the rural area of Garla Mare, Romania, the majority of the water sources-the wells are contaminated with nitrates, chemicals, heavy metals and bacteria. Amongst other things, high nitrate levels in drinking water are linked to â€Å"blue baby disease† or acute infantile methaemoglobinaemia. Women in Romania along with Women in Europe for a Common Future (WECF) are working together to document sources of contaminated water, develop strategies to â€Å"clean† water with local authorities and run educational campaigns demonstrating the links between polluted water and ill-health (Merchant, 1980. Due to deforestration, the loss of vegetation, and the lack of toilets, rural women have to rise earlier and walk further to attend to their daily needs. In urban areas, slums often lack hygienic and secure toilets for women. Women and girls in many countries have been sexually and physically assaulted in the night when attempting to use the â€Å"outside,† or toilets that are too far from their homes. Women in the US are also organizing to question poor water quality as water supplies in many US cities and towns are contaminated with industrial and agricultural chemicals. Access to safe and affordable sanitation services is critical for women’s and girl’s dignity, health, and safety. Human-made chemicals and metals that are persistent, biomagnifying and endocrine disrupting such as atrazine, 2, 4-D, and lindane, have been used extensively in agriculture, industry, and the home and garden. Some of these chemicals are also called POPs (Persistent Organic Pollutants). They are the subjected of the United Nations Stockholm Convention for the protection of human health and the environment. These same chemicals are readily found in household sprays and cleaners, pesticides, herbicides, fungicides, insecticides, and in our food. Chemicals enter into natural systems and are having devastating impacts on wildlife. For example, there is evidence that some alligators, Western gulls, and Rainbow trout are developing rudimentary sexual organs, Western and Herring gulls are exhibiting mating behavior of both genders, frogs are being born with missing limbs and eyes, and Beluga whales are dying from immune suppression and cancer. Human beings are at the top of the food chain and health impacts similar to those on wildlife are being documented around the world. Widely documented are the health impacts on agricultural and horticultural workers, many of whom are poor women and children with limited options for other livelihoods. Lead, dioxins, DDT and PCB’s are found in women’s breast milk, from indigenous women in the Aral Sea region of Central Asia. Human exposure to these chemicals is linked to endocrine disruption, learning impairment and hyperactivity in children, as well as cleft lip and palate, spina bifida and limb anomalies. Environmental contamination has resulted in women in the North and in greater numbers in the South facing increased risks of fertility problems, spontaneous abortion and miscarriage, reproductive system abnormalities, immune system disorders and cancer. Breast cancer has become major women’s disease, transcending class, race, ethnicity, culture, sexual orientation and geographical location. The complexity of women’s sexual and reproductive health issues and illnesses underlines the need for women’s right to decision making and control of their sexuality, sexual and reproductive health, and their right to relevant services through the public health care system. While women are often dismissed from discussions on energy, it is a central issue concerning women’s quality of life. Poor women who use wood fuel and charcoal to cook indoors are exposed to poor air quality and an increased risk of severe respiratory problems. While nuclear proponents advertise nuclear energy as â€Å"clean† energy, they deliberately ignore the impacts of radiation and nuclear waste and the work of many women who have researched and critiqued the dangers of nuclear energy and weapons. Seventeen years after the Chernobyl nuclear disaster of 1986, medical research shows that 70% of pregnant women in the Ukraine have extra-genital and obstetrics disorders including anemia, late toxicosis, cardiovascular disorders and urogenital diseases (Merchant, 1980). Increases in the frequency and severity of floods and drought have been linked to changing global climate regimes. A recent study on the impact of floods on women and girls in Cambodia highlights a number of issues. These include an increase in food insecurity and loss of crops; fear of losing children to the floods; risk of drowning because women and girls are not taught to swim; disaster-related debt and the corresponding increase in workloads of women as men migrate to cities; and the resulting stress and fear of HIV and sexually transmitted infections brought back from men engaging with other partners in the cities. While the study did not document an increase in wife assault during the disaster period or after, it did identify that the fear of assault is a constant factor enmeshed in women’s daily life and an ever present threat that colours women’s actions and involvement in decision making. The lack of political will and commitment from many national governments and major international bodies, like the International Monetary Fund (IMF), have degraded natural environments and subjected women citizens to increasing poverty by a loss of livelihoods and a reduction in accessibility to health, education, and other basic services. Extensive research and documentation has demonstrated the negative economic and social impacts of programs like the structural adjustment programmes o the IMF on African women. Another approach advocated by feminists such as Shulamith Firestone is the liberation of women through reproductive technology. This approach includes a spectrum of possibilities that would give women the right to choose when and if they wish to bear and raise children: male and female contraceptive devices, voluntary vasectomies and tubal ligations, amniocentesis and genetic counseling an, ultimately, test-tube reproduction and cloning. Science and technology are here viewed as potentially liberating and progressive, yet these approaches also raise a host of difficult ethical questions about the nature of control over life itself. For example, amniocentesis allows the woman to know the sex of her unborn child and thus to decide whether or not to abort the fetus. If through contraceptive and genetic technology families decide to have one or two children and to make the first child a male, then an increase in the proportion of males in society could result. If the psychological approach to the woman-nature question is valid, and if trust children tend to be more highly motivated, aggressive, and domineering than second children, then the outcome could be an increase in dominating males, with negative implications for women and nature. For many women who have become aware of environmental hazards and nuclear technologies through environmentalism and have become conscious of sexism through feminism, the appropriate technology movement presents an appealing alternative. Here the hands on skills necessary for personal survival and control over one’s own life are revered, and low-environmental-impact technologies are the movement’s hallmarks. Women involved in the appropriate technology movement, however, find great satisfaction in building bridges, solar collectors, greenhouses, and doing home repairs themselves, without resorting to high-cost contractors. Carpentry and plumbing skills taught to groups of women by other women rather than male â€Å"experts† are popular forms of education. The social economic analysis of the woman-nature question accepts many of the insights of the foregoing feminists but is critical of the idea of universal sex oppression and of the dichotomies â€Å"public-private† and â€Å"self-other† as explanatory categories. Rather than postulating a separate sex/gender system as the framework of analysis, this approach examines the historical context of male and female gender roles in different systems of economic production. The simultaneous emergence of the womens and environmental movements over the past two decades raises additional questions about the relationships between feminism and ecology. The structures and functions of the natural world and of human society interact through a language common to both. Ethics in the form of description, symbol, religion, and myth help to mediate between humans and their world. Choices are implied in the words used to describe nature: choices of ways in which to view the world and ethical choices that influence human behavior toward it. Ecology and feminism have interacting languages that imply certain common policy goals. These linkages might be described as follows: 1. All parts of a system have equal value. Ecology assigns equal importance to all organic and inorganic components in the structure of an ecosystem. Healthy air, water, and soil-the abiotic components of the system-are essential as the entire diverse range of biotic parts-plants, animals, and bacteria and fungi. Without each element in the structure, the system as a whole cannot function properly. Remove an element, reduce the number of individuals or species, and erratic oscillations may appear in the larger system. Similarly, feminism asserts the equality of men and women. Intellectual differences are human differences rather than gender-or race-specific. The lower position of women stems from culture rather than nature. Thus policy goals should be directed toward achieving educational, economic, and political equity for all. Ecologists and feminists alike will therefore assign value to all parts of the human-nature system and take care to examine the long and short range consequences of decisions affecting an individual, group, or species. In cases of ethical conflict, each case must be discussed from the perspective of the interconnectedness of all parts and the good of the whole. 2. The earth is a home. The Earth is a habitat for living organisms; houses are habitats for groups of humans. Each ecological niche is a position in a community, a hole in the energy continuum through which materials and energy enters and leaves. Ecology is the study of the Earths household. Human houses whether sod houses, igloos, or bungalows, are structures in an environment. Most are places wherein life is sustained-shelters where food is prepared, clothes are repaired, and human beings cared for. For ecologists and feminists the Earths house and the human house are habitats to be cherished. Energy flows in and out; molecules and atoms enter and leave. Some chemicals and forms of energy are life-sustaining; others are life-defeating. Those that lead to sickness on the planet or in the home cannot be tolerated. Radioactive wastes or potential radioactive hazards are present in some peoples environments. Hazardous chemicals permeate some backyards and basements. Microwaves, nitrite preservatives, and cleaning chemicals have invaded the kitchen. The home, where in fact women and children spend much of their time, is no longer a haven. The soil; over which the house is built or the rocks used in its construction may emit radon, potentially a source of lung cancer. The walls, furniture, floor coverings, and insulation may contain urea formaldehyde, a nasal, throat, and eye irritant. Leaky gas stoves and furnaces can produce nitrogen dioxide and carbon monoxide, resulting in nausea, headaches, and respiratory illnesses. An underground garage in an apartment building can be an additional source of indoor carbon monoxide. The homes faucets may be piping in carcinogenic drinking water, formed by the action of chlorine on organic compounds in reservoir supplies. Disinfectants sprayed where people eat or children play may contain phenols, aerosols, or ammonium chlorides that can produce toxic effects on the lungs, liver, and kidneys, or act as nervous system depressants. Over cleaners may contain caustic alkalis. The bathroom and bedroom any feature cosmetics and shampoos that can produce headaches, eye-make up contaminated by bacteria and fungi, deodorants laced with hexachlorophene and hair dyes containing aromatic amines that have been linked to cancer. The kitchen may have microwave oven and the living room a color television emitting low-level radiation when in use. The refrigerator may be stocked with food containing nitrite preservatives, food dyes, and saccharin-filled ‘low-cal’ drinks suspected as potential carcinogens. In the cupboards pewter pitchers or dishes containing lead glazes can slowly contribute to lead poisoning, especially when in contact with acidic foods. The indoor atmosphere may be filled with cigarette, cigar, or tobacco smoke, containing particles that remain in the air and accumulate even in the lungs of non-smokers. For ecologists and feminists alike, the goal must be the reversal of these life-defeating intrusions and the restoration of healthy indoor and outdoor environments. 3. Process is primary. The first law of thermodynamics, which also the first law of ecology, asserts the conservation of energy in an ecosystem as energy is changed and exchanged in its continual flow through the interconnected parts. The total amount of energy entering and leaving the Earth is the same. The science of ecology studies the energy flow through the system of living and non-living parts on the Earth. All components are parts of a steady-state process of growth and development, death, and decay. The world is active and dynamic; its natural processes are cyclical, balanced by cybernetic, stabilizing, feedback mechanisms. The stress on dynamic processes in nature has implications for change and process in human societies. The exchange and flow of information through the human community is the basis for decision making. Open discussion of all alternatives in which ecologists and technologists, lawyers and workers, women and men participate as equals is an appropriate goal for both environmentalists and feminists. Each individual has experience and knowledge that is of value to the human-nature community. 4. There is no free lunch. â€Å"No free lunch† is the essence of the laws of thermodynamics. To produce organized matter, energy in the form of work is needed. But each step up the ladder of organized life, each material object produced, each commodity manufactured increases entropy in its surroundings, and hence increases the reservoir of energy unavailable for work. Although underpaid environmentalists are said to accept free lunches, nature cannot continue to provide free goods and services for profit-hungry humans, because the ultimate costs are too great. Thus, whenever and wherever possible, that which is taken from nature must be given back through the recycling of goods and the sharing of services. For feminists, reciprocity and cooperation rather than free lunches and household services are a desirable goal. Housewives frequently spend much of their waking time struggling t undo the effects of the second law of thermodynamics. Continually trying to create order out of disorder is energy consumptive and spiritually costly. Thus the dualism of separate public and private spheres should be severed and male and female roles in both the household and the workplace merged. Cooperation between men and women in each specific context-childrearing, day-care centers, household work, productive work, sexual relations, etc. -rather than separate gender roles could create emotional rewards. Men and women would engage together in the production of commodities that are costly to nature. Technologies appropriate to the task, technologies having a low impact on the environment, would be chosen whenever possible. Resistance to a feminist-environmental coalition comes form both movements. Environmental coalition comes from both movements. Environmentalists react negatively to the intrusion of feminist’s issues that seem to them to muddy and complicate an already difficult struggle. At anti-nuclear rallies and solar technology conferences, the presence of lesbian feminists challenging male control of technology may seem particularly galling. Increasingly, in countries of the South and North, many governments are failing to defend and enhance women’s hard earned rights to live free of violence from either family members or the State, and to have right and access to health services, as well as specific programmes to address gender concerns as in the case of the HIV/AIDS pandemic. For poor rural women, government supported privatization of common property resources such as forests, wetlands, fallow fields, pasturelands, etc. make it nearly impossible to maintain precarious levels of substinence living; thus, further marginalizing those women who rely on common property resources for food, fodder and raw materials. Moreover, many of these groups establish ritual behaviors that maintain steady-state equilibrium between population and resources. Here nature and culture are not separated dichotomies in which nature is devalued and culture elevated. The nonhuman world is alive, sensitive, intelligent, and on a par with the human portion. In some cultures animals are members of separate societies governed by special spirits; particular rocks and trees are sacred; and the Earth is a living nurturing mother. Women and men perform different tasks and have different roles, but each is essential to the survival of the group as a whole and neither is devalued. The society is geared to the production of use values as the material basis for sustaining life. Like postcolonial and generational/youth cultures, feminism’s growing interest in ecofeminism has been evident in the last several years. Some ecofeminists, however, posit that, as a term, â€Å"ecofeminism† informally appeared, here and there, worldwide, in the 1970’s, usually as a response to so-called development activities. The Chipko Movement, the movement that began when village women of Himalayan India organized in the 1970’s to protect their forests, as described by their country woman, Vandana Shiva, and noted above, is most often specifically cited as the beginning of ecofeminism. In the West, an ecofeminist focus in activism emerged during the second wave of the women’s movement and was predicated on seeing the relations between militarism, sexism, racism, classism, and environmental damage. By the middle 190’s, many women, committed to direct action against militarism, started naming themselves ecofeminists to depict the interdependencies of their political concerns. As ecofeminism evolved, it took up additional issues such as toxic waste, deforestation, military and nuclear weapons policies, reproductive rights and technologies, animal liberation, and domestic and international agricultural development, in its efforts to reweave the nature/culture dualism. Ecofeminism is distinct, however, in its insistence that nonhuman nature is a feminist concern. Ecofeminist theory utilizes principles from both ecology and feminism to inform its political organizing and its efforts to create equitable and environmentally sound lifestyles. From ecology, it learns to value the interdependence and diversity of all life forms; from feminism, it against the insights of a social analysis of women’s oppression that intersects with other oppressions such s racism, colonialism, classism, and heterosexism. Ecofeminism, in its use of ecology as a model for human behavior, suggests that we act out of recognition of our interdependency with others, all others: human and nonhuman. Ecofeminist politics embrace heterogenous strategies and solutions. Ecofeminists do share a broad vision of a society beyond militarism, hierarchy, and the destruction of nature, but like feminism itself, they often have different analyses and strategies for achieving them. In many ways, an ecofeminist style of politics the notion of â€Å"local resistance† against power relations. Ecofeminists understand power as â€Å"multiplicity of force relations† that are not centered, but are diverse and are constantly being reproduced. While ecofeminsm emphasizes local activism, it also maintains the importance of a global perspective. In ecofeminism, where everything is seen as interconnected and/or interdependent, there is a serious regard for women whose cultures and geographic locations are being foisted croded as a result of so-called development projects that are being foisted on the third world. Ecofeminists challenge the relationship between economic growth and exploitation of the natural environment, and as noted above, ecofeminist anthologies contain work by and about women resisting ill-conceived development projects in the third world, in addition to those in the West. The relation of ecofeminism theory to political activism is ideally informative and generative, not perspective. The activism that is undertaken is a result of the individuals who are involved reflecting on an actual problematic situation or issue. Because of ecofeminism recognizes that sexism, racism, classism, heterosexism, speciesism, and naturalism are mutually reinforcing systems of oppression, the work o end any oppression is valuable. Using ecology as a model for understanding these interdependencies and the value of diversity enables ecofeminists to include many kinds of political action. Ecofeminist theory, in turn is expanded by focusing on the actual activities, as articulated by the embodied voices of the participants. Social justice cannot be achieved apart from the well-being of the Earth. Human life is dependent on the Earth; our fates are intertwined. Ecofemism is spiritual, too, emphasizing that the Earth is sacred unto itself. And a strong recognition of the necessity of sustainability-a need to learn the many ways we can walk the fine line between using the Earth as resource while respecting the Earth’s need. One of the main endeavors of ecofeminism, in its efforts to reweave the nature/culture duality, is to understand the ideology that perpetuates the domination of women, other humans, and nonhuman nature. There are many approaches taken by ecofeminists who are engaged in analyzing how the subjugation of women, other suppressed people and nature are interconnected. Karen Warren (2000), writing 10 years after the Diamond and Orenstein anthology, in her work Ecofeminist Philosophy: A Western Perspective on What It Is and Why It Matters, discerns 10 directions ecofeminists take to theorize these interconnected subjugations. Warren terms these various approaches: historical and causal, conceptual, empirical, socioeconomic, linguistic, symbolic and literary, spiritual and religious, epistemological, ethical, and political. Feminist who take the historical and causal approach to explain the interconnected subjugations of women, other suppressed people, and nature, suggests that the ubiquitous ness of androcentrism with its accompanying phenomenon, the patriarchal domination of women and nature, is the source of environmental degradation. Riane Eisler and Carolyn Merchant are examples of feminists who present varying accounts of this approach. They explain how and approximately when societies that previously had been living essentially in concord with nature and with each other became subjugated by patriarchal domination. Societies, in these accounts, then become disharmonious in their relationships. A second approach some ecofeminists take to understand the ideology that perpetuates domination is an analysis of conceptual frameworks that have functioned historically to perpetuate and justify the dominations of interconnected subjugations. Conceptual frameworks function as socially constructed lenses through which one perceives reality. These conceptual works can be oppressive because of the part plated by rationalism in the domination of women and nonhuman nature illustrates. Rationalism explains how structures of domination are based â€Å"in hierarchically organized value dualism and an exaggerated focus on reason and rationality divorced form the realm of the body, nature, and the physical† (Warren 2004, p. 24). Warren, she, makes similar conceptual connections. She locates these connections in an oppressive patriarchal conceptual connection. She locates these connections in an oppressive patriarchal conceptual framework, mediated by what she calls â€Å"a logic domination. † This â€Å"logic† provides the moral premise for domination/subordination relationships based on socially constructed dualistic notions of superiority/inferiority. Empirical interconnections are made by ecofeminists who use verifiable evidence to document the tie-in among dominations. Using this kind of data, they are able to illustrate, for example, that subordinate groups suffer disproportionately form industrial environmental pollutants. Coinciding with postcolonial feminism, some ecofeminists using the empirical interconnections approach, furnish data to show how women’s inability to provide adequate sustenance for themselves and their families is caused by first-world development policies such as those destroying subsistence agriculture and/or the productivity of the land. Nature like women’s bodies and labor is colonized by the inter-workings of capitalism and patriarchy in first-world development. Some ecofeminists, who follow the concept formation that is strongly influenced by language, make linguistic interconnections to explain subjugation. They maintain that language is pivotal in maintaining mutually reinforcing sexist, racist, and naturist views of women, people of color, and nonhuman nature. They call our attention to the considerable extent that Euro-American language contains illustrations of sexist-naturist language depicting women, animals, and nonhuman nature as having less value than men. Related to this approach is the ecofeminist animal welfare â€Å"analysis that the oppression of nonhuman animals, is based on a variety of women-animal connections: for example, sexist-naturalist language, images of women and animals as consumable objects, pornographic representations of women as meat, male perpetuated violence against women and nonhuman animals,† (Warren 2000, p. 126). Another method-that of making symbolic and literary interconnections-is seen in a new genre of literary analysis: ecofeminist literary criticism. This genre has emerged as a way to appraise literature according to criteria of ecological and feminist values. Ecofeminists using this approach, maintain that the literary canon needs to be reconsidered to include a de-homocentric approach. Ecofeminist theologians work to make spiritual and religious interconnections to explain subjugation. They discern most ancient religious myths basic to Judeo-Christian and Western traditions as ones justifying a social structure that exalts ruling-class men while denigrating others, including nonhuman nature. What many of these ecofeminist theologians subsequently have to consider is whether these religions can be reformed or if new religions, myths, and spiritual practices are needed. Some Ecofeminist working with spiritual and religious interconnections, see women’s spirituality as political. They believe â€Å"the preservation of the Earth will require profound shift in consciousness, a recovery of a more ancient and traditional view that reveres the profound connection of all beings in the web of life and a rethinking of the relation of both humanity and divinity in nature (Warren 2000, p. 32). The notion of â€Å"the Goddess† is also invoked by many spiritual ecofeminists to express the veneration both nonhuman nature and the human body merit. Warren further notes that knowledge and knowledge creation is studied by ecofeminists who work to make epistemological interconnections. Like postcolonial feminism, they challenge the Western view that knowledge is objective. Warren is also discusses the ethical interconnection approach made by ecofeminist philosophers who hold that a feminist ethical analysis and response is needed to show how subjugation of women, other â€Å"others† and nonhuman nature is interlinked. â€Å"Minimally, the goal of ecofeminist environmental ethics is to develop theories and practices concerning humans and the natural environment that are not male-biased and that provide a guide to action in the prefiminist present,† (Warren 20007, p. 37). Making political interconnections is integral to ecofeminism, which has always been a grassroots political movement, motivated by pressing pragmatic concerns (Warren 2000, p. 35). In addition to women’s activism to sustain their families and communities, the relationship of environmental and women’s health to science and development projects, animal rights, and peace activism are examples of issues that